An Overview of Naturally Synthesized Metallic Nanoparticles

Article history: Received on: 16/12/2016 Accepted on: 27/02/2017 Available online: 30/06/2017 Nanotechnology is a powerful technology offers wide spectrum of devices, drugs etc for the welfare of human and other living organisms. Nanoparticles are the tiny molecule in the size of 1-100nm acting as potential antimicrobial, anticancer, Anti-Larvicidal and Antiparasitic Agents. Among the nanoparticles deployed, silver and gold nanoparticles have been greatly used against multidrug resistant microbes like Staphylococcus aureus, vector mosquitoes like Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquifasciatus as well as wide range of cancer Cell lines like MCF-7, Hep G2, etc. In the recent years, identification of dynamic nanoparticles, possessing antimicrobial, anti-larvicidal and anticancer activity, becomes important for defending the existing multitude of diseases spreading to human beings. In this context, this review was prepared to measure the dynamics of bioactive nanoparticles extremely used against pathogens, cell lines and vectors.


INTRODUCTION
The mosquito vectors are responsible transfer of deadly diseases such as malaria, chickungunia, filariasis and dengue.One of the major economic and health issues in several countries are the vector borne diseases caused by mosquito.The mosquito vector for human diseases like yellow fever and dengue is Aedes agypti mosquito (Suganya et al., 2014).Similarly, mosquitoborne viral disease called dengue was found mostly in tropic and sub-tropic region around the world.Estimation by World Health Organization (WHO) states that there are about 50-100 million dengue infection are prevalent worldwide (Suresh et al., 2015).A vector of Wuchereria species called Culex quinquefasciatus was responsible for causing lymphatic Filariasis which are wide spread in the tropical region with 120 million people infected and 40 million people are under clinical manifestation (Veerakumar et al., 2013).Two million malarial cases were reported annually in India (Gnanadesigan et al., 2011).Due to the development of insecticides resistance, biological magnification, serious effect on environmental quality and destruction of nontarget organism, the vector controlling methods involving chemical insecticides are becoming less effective (Suganya et al., 2014).The use of artificial insecticides in order to control mosquito-borne vector especially Aedes leads to high cost and harmful non-target effect (Suresh et al., 2015).Cancer, which is grouped as the uncontrolled development of cells, is one of the serious causes of death throughout the world.In the last few years, Increase of cancer patient have been observed (Abbas et al., 2015).The bites of Aedes agypti can transmit hamster reticulum cell sarcoma by transfer of tumor cell.They also plays role in changing the human metabolic pathway which lead to viral infection or/and oncogenesis (Benelli et al., 2016).There are several ways in the treatment of cancer by chemotherapy while there are multiple barriers that recently prevent the clinical advantages.Currently, the field of nanotechnology plays a major role in the cancer treatment through drug delivery method because of the good pharmacokinetic activity, better drug solubility, increased the halflife period of drugs.In addition to that they also have less toxic phytochemicals with target-specific nanoparticles which provide a new way of treating cancer (Joseph et al., 2015).
Benelli, 2016 stated that nanodrugs with multipotency against mosquito-borne diseases and cancers are required.In particular, a focus on effectiveness and non-target effects of metal nanoparticles synthesized using natural products as reducing agents may support the development of novel antiplasmodial, mosquitocidal, and anticancer tools.In this vision we have prepared this review.This review mainly focuses on the pharmacokinetics activity of several nanoparticles such as antiparasitic, anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiinflammation.

Anticancer Study
The anticancer potential of AgNps synthesised from Acorus calamus was evaluated against epidermoid carcinoma cell (A431) (Nayak et al., 2015).The AgNps synthesised from plant polyphenol called caffeic acid through facile mediated process had shown effective anticancer activity against the human hepatoma (HepG2) cells by reducing the tumour cell viability through activating apoptosis (Guo et al., 2015).The AgNps synthesised from Andrographis echioides (leaf) through aqueous extract process have been reported with potential anticancer activity against the human breast adenocarcinoma cancer cell line (MCF-7) with an inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of 31.5µg/mL at 24h incubation by suppressing its growth (inhibiting the proliferation of tumour cells) (Elangovan et al., 2015).The anticancer activity of AgNps synthesized from different plant is listed in table 2.
The AgNps synthesised from ethanol extract of rose (Rosa Indica) petals have exhibited effective anticancer activity against human colon cancer cells (HCT 15 cells) by down regulating the Bcl-2 and Bax level by which upregulates activation of caspase 3 and 9 that finally induce apoptosis (Ramar et al., 2015).
The AgNps synthesised from Mollick et al. (2015) have revealed excellent anticancer activity against the Jurkat cell (human T-cell lymphoma) by reducing the viability at the rate of 52.6%, 85.4%, and 91.6% with respect to the concentration of 10, 25, and 50µg/ml of AgNPs.Citrate coated AgNps (10nm in size) showed overall DNA damages and cytotoxic affect against human lung cells (BEAS-2B) after 24h by the comet assay (Gliga et al., 2014).
The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of citrate stabilized AgNps synthesised using sodium citrate and found 60, 160 mg/mL and 80, 160 mg/mL against S. aureus and B. Megaterium respetively.Similarly, Borah et al. (2013) reported that the MIC and MBC values of AgNps synthesised from Ocimum sanctum was 40, 120 mg/mL and 80, 140 mg/mL against S. aureus and B. megaterium respectively.

Anti-inflammation Activity
The AgNps synthesised from ethanol extraction of rose (Rosa Indica) petals have potent anti-inflammatory activity by attenuating the production of superoxide anion (O -) and nitric oxide (NO) which was studied in rat peritoneal macrophages (Ramar et al., 2015).

GNP Anticancer Study
The biosynthesized gold nanopraticles (GNps) showed anticancer activity against He La cell lines and caused 66 % of cell death at 100 µL concentration.(Rajan et al., 2015).The anticancer activity of gold nanoparticles synthesized from different plant sources were represented in table 4. The GNps synthesised using a flavanol source, Kaempferol (3, 5, 7, 4tetrahydroxyflavone) have potential anticancer activity against MCF-7 by inducing apoptosis by increasing in sub-G1 (hypodiploid) population.By inducing angiogenesis process they also inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which was confirmed through chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM).It also reduces the viability of cells of MCF-7 based on the dose and time depended manner (Raghavan et al., 2015).Multifunctional dendrimer-entrapped GNps (Au DENPs) modified with alphatocopheryl succinate (α-TOS) and arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide have potential targeting towards the cancer cells which over express the α v β 3 integrin and inhibits the proliferation of cancer cell (U8MGhuman primary glioblastoma cell line) by inducing apoptosis (Zhu et al., 2015).

Antimicrobial Study
The biosynthesized GNps showed antibacterial activity against E. coli, K. Pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter sp. and S.aureus with respect to ZoI of 10, 11, 12,10 and 14mm respectively (Rajan et al., 2015).The antimicrobial activity of gold nanoparticles synthesized from a plant is given in the table 5.

Catalytic Activity
The GNps showed an excellent catalytic activity (reduction activity) of organic dye such as MB, MO, EY and 4-NP and this can be used in removing hazardous environmental pollutants (Rajan et al., 2015).

Larvicidal Activity
GNps synthesised from Cymbopogan citratus have excellent antiparasitic activity against the C. quinquefasciatus (filaraial vector) (LC 50 and LC 90 : 1.08 and 2.76ppm) while leaf extract of Anthocephalus cadamba exhibited 21.82 and 79.52ppm of LC 50 and LC 90 against third instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus (Naresh Kumar et al., 2012).The larvicidal activity of gold nanoparticles synthesized from a plant is given in the table 6.

Anticancer Study
The in vitro cytotoxicity of non-toxic β-cyclodextrin assemblied magnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles (β-CD-MNPs) had shown greater anticancer activity against MCF-7 and it was also used as drug delivery system in Cancer therapy (Wang et al., 2015).The anticancer activity of iron nanoparticles synthesized from different plant is tabulated in table 7. A nanocomposites synthesized through layer-by-layer technique called multifunctional peptide-fluorescent-magnetic nanocomposites (Fe 3 O 4 @PEI@Cy5.5@PEG@HCBP-1NPs, HPCPMNPs) have strong influence on the the cell viability of human embryonic lung fibroblast cell line (HLF) and human mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) at the concentration of 0.5 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL(p < 0.01) treatment.HPCPMNPs also have the capability of targeting or detecting the human lung cancer cell line (H460) of about 80%.This indicates that these nanocomoposites can be used in cancer diagnostic agent by modifying diverse fluorescence dyes and targeting ligands on its surface (Zhou et al., 2015).Semkina et al. (2015) reported the anticancer activity of Doxorubin (Doxanticancer drug) loaded superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) called MNP-BSA@Dox-PEG against Dox-resistance (C6 -rat glial tumour cells induced by N-nitrosomethylurea) and Dox-sensitive (HEK293-human embryonic kidney cells) by inhibiting the cell viability.

Anticancer Study
The anticancer activity of nickle doped cerium oxide (Ni x Ce 1x O2) had shown that there was 55% reduction of neuroblastoma cancer cell line viability without exhibiting harm to the normal healthy human embryonic kidney 293 cell-HEK293) (Abbas et al., 2015).
DPM@PL (DTX loaded methoxy polyethylene glycol-ss-vitamin E succinate (PSV) micelles (DPM) @ PPV-based liposomes) have shown inhibition of in situ tumour growth and pulmonary metastasis formation by DTX-inducing the apoptosis and decreased level of metastasis-promoting protein formation.They also have 81% and 92% inhibition rate against the tumour volume and lung metastasis.It doesn't show any systemic toxicity.This indicates that the DPM@PL nanoparticle which can be used as a delivery systems for breast cancer therapy (Xu et al., 2015).Silica nanopraticles (Dual-SiNPs) which was synthesised using dual aptamer modifier have excellent sensitive detection against two breast cancer cell such as mucin 1 (MUC1) (+) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) (+) cell lines at the concentration of 1cell/100µL.This indicates its role in diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer (Jo et al., 2015).
In vitro study with DTX-loaded Gal-pD-TPGS-PLA/NPs (galactosamine conjugated polydopamine-modified NPs synthesized using D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate-poly(lactide) showed potent anticancer activity against HepG2 on heptoma-bearing nude mice by decreasing the tumour size.It also had the higher efficiency of uptaking liver cancer cell line HepG2 which was confirmed by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy.It reveals its drug delivery system in liver cancer (Zhu et al., 2015).
By nab technology, human serum albumin loaded with lapatinib (Tykerbtyrosine kinase inhibitor of HER2 and EFGR) was developed called LHNPs which has excellent anti-tumour efficiency by ceasing the proliferation of HER2 by over expressing SKBr3 (human breast cancer cell line) in tumour-bearing mice.They also suggested that it doesn't have hepatic or kidney toxicity (Wan et al., 2015).LFC/CMC NPs (LFC131 peptide surface conjugated O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles (O-CMC NP)] have capability of increasing cancer cell death through selective delivery of DTX.
It also has higher efficiency of uptaking tumour cell by receptor mediated interaction of LFC131 with the CXCR4 which is over expressed in cancer cell and by inducing caspase-3 activity in A549 cancer cells.They have also suggested that the NPs have greater cell apoptosis by inducing apoptotic and necrotic cell death (Wang et al., 2015).

Larvicidal activity
Cobalt nanoparticles (CoNps) synthesised using cobalt acetate solution and B. thuringiensis (bio control agent) have potential larvicidal activity against fourth instar larvae of A. subpictus (malaria vector) and A. aegypti (dengue vector) (LC 50 values of 29.16, 8.12, 3.59 mg/L; 34.61, 6.94, and 2.87   sources.Based on the bioactivity, they were listed under different categories such as larvicidal agents, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and catalytic activity which were discussed in detail.In search of novel biomolecules for the welfare of human beings, active metal of nanosized materials of different sources have been extensively implemented and studied for biological activities against wide range of pathogenic agents and carriers/vectors.This review addressed the prosperous role of nanoparticles in different health sectors of human beings such as vector borne disease, cancer and infectious diseases.As anticipated by Benelli (2016), wide range of research has been executed by the researchers for the benefit of human beings and was observed in this complete review on nanoparticles.Hence nanoparticles playing a dynamic role in treatment and diagnostic of various threatening diseases and soon will occupy an inevitable role in healthcare development than now.

Table 1 :
Larvicidal activity of AgNps synthesized from different sources.

Table 2 :
Anticancer activity of AgNps synthesized from different sources.

Table 3 :
Antimicrobial activity of AgNps synthesized from different sources.

Table 4 :
Anticancer activity of gold nanparticles synthesized from different sources.
mg/L)(Marimuthu et al., 2013).The anticancer and larvicidal activity of other nanoparticles synthesized in different sources is represented in the table 8.
CONCLUSIONIn this review, a summary of various nanoparticles synthesised from different different biological and non biological

Table 5 :
Antimicrobial activity of gold nanoparticles synthesized from different sources.

Table 7 :
Anticancer activity of Iron Nanoparticles.

Table 8 :
Anticancer and larvicidal activity of nanoparticles of different origin.